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| 1851 |
| | | German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz invents the ophthalmoscope, making it possible for a doctor to examine the inside of a patient's eye | |
|  | Principle of Helmholtz's ophthalmoscope
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1853 |
| | | The hypodermic syringe with a plunger is simultaneously developed in France and in Scotland | |
|  | Alexander Wood's hypodermic syringe
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1854 |
| | | William Baikie, on an expedition up the Niger, protects his men from malaria by administering quinine | |
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| 1854 |
| | | English physician John Snow proves that cholera is spread by infected water (from a pump in London's Broad Street) | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Florence Nightingale, responding to reports of horrors in the Crimea, sets sail with a party of twenty-eight nurses | |
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| 1855 |
| | | Jamaican-born nurse Mary Seacole sets up her own 'British Hotel' in the Crimea to provide food and nursing for soldiers in need | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Florence Nightingale opens a training school for nurses in St Thomas's Hospital, establishing nursing as a profession | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Hungarian physician Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis publishes his discovery that deaths from puerperal fever can be dramatically reduced by a strict hand-washing routine | |
|  | The dissecting room
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1865 |
| | | English surgeon Joseph Lister introduces the era of antiseptic surgery, with the use of carbolic acid in the operating theatre | |
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| 1875 |
| | | An outbreak of measles in Fiji, brought to the islands by British visitors, kills a quarter of the population | |
|  | Medicine man, Australia
Wellcome Library, London
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